Man, philosophy and Nietzsche
The man appeared on land and its development is not comparable to any other known event in the history of the universe. Not even the initial burst, the famous Big Bang, which gave rise to the whole, has the intrinsic power of transcendence that characterizes the human capacity for abstraction, its ability to question, to ask the why of things, events accompanying her way with him, that of his companions: animals and plants. Not for nothing that a biological definition of man defines it as "the animal who knows he must die." The "moment" of Darwinian evolution culminates in fact crucial at that stage in which man has acquired two fundamental faculties: the center of Broca, which gave him the use of the word, and the appearance of the opposable thumb that turned his arms in perfect tool capable of creating the means of its cultural development from the wheel to the computer. This process that I could call the "moment" when compared to geologic time, lasted millions of years and, between the first apes and man of the twenty-first century, there are many intermediate forms of humans who have seen not only change their anatomical structures in the course of centuries, but also their culture, which led them to hand out an attempt to self-determination is still ongoing and far from being reached. Our conversation certainly can not leave or the birth of the universe that science suggests that it occurred 13.7 billion years ago, or the birth of life appeared in the sea for the past 4.5 billion years and even the arrival of ' Man due in about 2,500,000 to 500,000 years ago in its various stages of development. It would be a too difficult summarize these wonderful events in a narrow space such as a newspaper article, so we limit ourselves to deal with the miracle man (and in very few words) as it appears in our West from about 2500 years ago. It was in the sixth century BC that appeared in ancient Greece the first Western philosophers, who began to ask those existential questions that rationally would never abandon humanity. After the myth of animism and polytheism, which had issued the first stirrings theological and existential, the ancient Greeks tried desperately to justify an end to their presence on the ground and looked for God to help them nell'impervio path, guiding the hand to redemption, the goal, without betraying the rational part of their being, which increasingly emerged from the theories of knowledge (epistemology). The first great thinkers, the Presocratics, tried the "boat", the vital principles that justify the very essence of things (ilozoismo). And if Thales identified water incorruptible matter that generates the world, Anaximenes thought that this company should be sought in the air and the Anaximander identified with the "Apeiron", the infinite indefinite from which everything comes. Parmenides coined the philosophy of being static and unchanging, while Heraclitus saw in the movement and in the eternal becoming (Panta rei) the primary essence of things. The first great unifier of these opposing theories was the great Plato to the evolution of the material world opposed the supercelestial, the world of ideas, where people tend to us and where would be the "kind" of each primitive and unchanging appearance on earth. Aristotle rationalized these more inaccessible research, analyzing "scientifically" the phenomena observed and identified in the prime mover (God) the engine of an otherwise infinite chain of cause and effect (if any effect has its cause, the trial would last forever without a first cause). For the philosophers there are also the first mathematicians (Pythagoras, Euclid, Thales the same) and the early astronomers and scientists (Archimedes, Euler, Eudoxus, Aristarchus, Hipparchus, Ptolemy). The atoms of Democritus described the caliber of the infinitely little closer to reality so that only the modern quantum mechanics has partially disassembled the unit, while Epicureanism, Stoicism, Neoplatonism, looking for theories that help people to alleviate their sufferings. But the need of God moved again in human thought and even the scientific discoveries were being influenced by religious beliefs that constrain growth. We watched for ages and ages to a mutual conditioning between the thought and the environment, throughout the Middle Ages (476 -1492 AD) was the Catholic Church to influence the choices of the great thinkers such as St. Anselm, St. Augustine, St. Thomas, who invented the Scholastic Aristotelian-style school that tried to combine reason and faith. By the late Middle Ages and before the Science was imposed in all its majesty, figures that there were mixed as it were the sacred and the profane (Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola) using alchemy and magic as a substitute for science. But if we add to them the great, heroic thinker who was Giordano Bruno, burned alive in 1600 on charges of heresy, in Campo de 'Fiori in Rome, then we will realize that they just allow the birth of true science, and if Copernicus had supplanted the Ptolemaic while valuable evidence on the movement of the stars, eventually the rationalism of Galileo, Newton, Kepler, enlighten the minds of men that they gave with the Renaissance unleashed the enormous capacity of the human intellect. With the Renaissance makes its way to the rationalism of Descartes, which subjects the truth to the thought of man, but runs into difficulties to combine his "res cogitans" with the "res exstensa" empiricists (Hume, Locke, Hobbes) by which knowledge is not innate ideas would come from the intellect but only by our sensory receptors. Kant in his criticism succeeds in uniting the two schools diametrically antithetical arguing that rationalism (thought) needs to aspire to the knowledge of sensory experience to the same extent that the empirical experience of reason needs to be consciously shaped and perceived . An overrun of Cartesian dualism (res cogitans-res extensa) is brought about through Spinoza's thought that by identifying with the thought of being even and being with God and with nature, offers a pantheism that embraces rationalism and empiricism into a single truth that is far from materialistic seeing, so to speak, God in all things and putting themselves ethically, in my opinion, the above parties even in the "vexed question" that pits science and faith. A Kant which can be regarded as the dividing line between man succubus events with the man ruler (at least part of them), followed by the German Idealists: Fichte, Schelling and Hegel stronger that dares ignore the principle of non-contradiction of Aristotle , identifying each with its opposite principle asserting the superiority of rationality and intuition. For Hegel, in opposition to Kant, reason is not simply a capacity of mind is not pure abstraction, but a metaphysical principle that governs the laws of the world. In short, the history of the world pursues his ultimate goal that can not be chaotic but in fact regulated by rationality (the Absolute). If the Absolute, that this apparent mysticism replace the real history, Hegel's idealism is transformed by magic into materialism of Marx, dialectical materialism precisely, through which philosophy becomes social commitment to the total change in the things of the world . But if Marxism herald then knocked that will upset most of the world where Lenin's attempt to put into practice the materialist ideology, another great thinker, despite his likely will provide the foundations for Hitler's megalomania that will lead to destruction of an entire people. And as this great thinker Friedrich Nietzsche. Many other philosophers before and after him light up the western thought from Rousseau to Voltaire, from Bergson to Husserl, Heidegger to Sartre, from Russell to Jasper, but this man ended up in mental hospital at a very young age, was able to break down since the foundations of the many certainties dictated by faith or commonplace. As a philologist he demolished the image of Greek tragedy as well as the proposed neo-classicism still prevalent in his time and, from the ashes of his merciless analysis, it appears the man in greek its double essence: the Apollonian and the Dionysian, as a prelude to Freudian psychoanalysis, the birth of a force that opposes and ancestral instinct to reason, prudence, caution Socratic man. And when you forsake the philosophical thought, when the discovery of the Eternal recurrence of, led him to marry Eastern beliefs about reincarnation and metempsychosis, rejecting a linear purpose of religion and Darwinian evolution, he will understand that the sole purpose of life, animals, plants, and in all beings on earth, is the will to power, where will emerge the strongest, the smartest, most congenial to occupy a prominent place in its habitat and humans in society . It will then start the "Theory of the Superman," the theory that Hitler could not know him that well for historical reasons, will draw to fertilize his madness resulted in the Nazi extermination. But not all. Carried away by the music of Wagner, where all human folly seems to blend in the great seething cauldron of human mind as seen by Jung, Nietzsche discovers that "God is dead" as she said in "So spake Zarathustra. " God is dead, killed by science, reason, progress and as a distant echo from the same despairing cry echoed in the lyrics of our Leopardi, in the great films of Bergman, in the URL of Munch's expressionist painters and all of us to the 'image of a man alone, abandoned to himself, to his doubts, his fears, while the sad notes of Mahler accompany almost Wagnerian impetus to sanctioning the anxiety and fears of all humanity.
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